Functions with the T-Distribution in Excel

Functions with the T-Distribution in Excel Microsoft’s Excel is useful in performing basic calculations in statistics. Sometimes it is helpful to know all of the functions that are available to work with a particular topic. Here we will consider the functions in Excel that are related to the Student’s t-distribution. In addition to doing direct calculations with the t-distribution, Excel can also calculate confidence intervals and perform hypothesis tests. Functions Concerning the T-Distribution There are several functions in Excel that work directly with the t-distribution. Given a value along the t-distribution, the following functions all return the proportion of the distribution that is in the specified tail. A proportion in the tail can also be interpreted as a probability. These tail probabilities can be used for p-values in hypothesis tests. The T.DIST function returns the left tail of Student’s t-distribution. This function can also be used to obtain the y-value for any point along the density curve.The T.DIST.RT function returns the right tail of Student’s t-distribution.The T.DIST.2T function returns both tails of Student’s t-distribution. These functions all have similar arguments. These arguments are, in order: The value x, which denotes where along the x axis we are along the distributionThe number of degrees of freedom.The T.DIST function has a third argument , which allows us to choose between a cumulative distribution (by entering a 1) or not (by entering a 0). If we enter a 1, then this function will return a p-value. If we enter a 0 then this function will return the y-value of the density curve for the given x. Inverse Functions All of the functions T.DIST, T.DIST.RT and T.DIST.2T share a common property. We see how all of these functions start with a value along the t-distribution and then return a proportion. There are occasions when we would like to reverse this process. We start with a proportion and wish to know the value of t that corresponds to this proportion. In this case we use the appropriate inverse function in Excel. The function T.INV returns the left tailed inverse of Student’s T-distribution.The function T.INV.2T returns the two tailed inverse of Student’s T-distribution. There are two arguments for each of these functions. The first is the probability or proportion of the distribution. The second is the number of degrees of freedom for the particular distribution that we are curious about. Example of T.INV We will see an example of both the T.INV and the T.INV.2T functions. Suppose we are working with a t-distribution with 12 degrees of freedom. If we want to know the point along the distribution that accounts for 10% of the area under the curve to the left of this point, then we enter T.INV(0.1,12) into an empty cell. Excel returns the value -1.356. If instead we use the T.INV.2T function, we see that entering T.INV.2T(0.1,12) will return the value 1.782. This means that 10% of the area under the graph of the distribution function is to the left of -1.782 and to the right of 1.782. In general, by the symmetry of the t-distribution, for a probability P and degrees of freedom d we have T.INV.2T(P, d) ABS(T.INV(P/2,d), where ABS is the absolute value function in Excel. Confidence Intervals One of the topics on inferential statistics involves estimation of a population parameter. This estimate takes the form of a confidence interval. For example the estimate of a population mean is a sample mean. The estimate also possesses a margin of error, which Excel will calculate. For this margin of error we must use the CONFIDENCE.T function. Excel’s documentation says that the function CONFIDENCE.T is said to return the confidence interval using Student’s t-distribution. This function does return the margin of error. The arguments for this function are, in the order that they must be entered: Alpha – this is the level of significance. Alpha is also 1 – C, where C denotes the confidence level. For example, if we want 95% confidence, then we must enter 0.05 for alpha.Standard deviation – this is the sample standard deviation from our data set.Sample size. The formula that Excel uses for this calculation is: M t*s/ √n Here M is for margin, t* is the critical value that corresponds to the level of confidence, s is the sample standard deviation and n is the sample size. Example of Confidence Interval Suppose that we have a simple random sample of 16 cookies and we weigh them. We find that their mean weight is 3 grams with a standard deviation of 0.25 grams. What is a 90% confidence interval for the mean weight of all cookies of this brand? Here we simply type the following into an empty cell: CONFIDENCE.T(0.1,0.25,16) Excel returns 0.109565647. This is the margin of error. We subtract and also add this to our sample mean, and so our confidence interval is 2.89 grams to 3.11 grams. Tests of Significance Excel will also perform hypothesis tests that are related to the t-distribution. The function T.TEST returns the p-value for several different tests of significance. The arguments for the T.TEST function are: Array 1, which gives the first   set of sample data.Array 2, which gives the second set of sample dataTails, in which we can enter either 1 or 2.Type - 1 denotes a paired t-test, 2 a two-sample test with the same population variance, and 3 a two-sample test with different population variances.

Meeting Expectations Can Make or Break Your Class

Meeting Expectations Can Make or Break Your Class Expectations are powerful, especially when youre teaching adults. Understanding your students expectations of the course youre teaching is key to your success. Make sure you know what your students expect with this ice breaker game for adults. Ideal Size Up to 20. Divide larger groups. Uses Introductions in the classroom or ​at a meeting, to understand what every participant is expecting to learn from the class or gathering. Time Needed 15-20 minutes, depending on the size of the group. Materials Needed A flip chart or white boardmarkers Instructions Write Expectations at the top of a flip chart or white board. When it’s time for students to introduce themselves, explain that expectations are powerful  and that understanding them is key to the success of any class. Tell the group that you would like them to: Introduce themselvesShare their expectations of the classAdd a wild prediction of the best possible outcome should their expectations be met. Ask them to be as specific as possible, and encourage silliness or fun if you want. Example Hi, my name is Deb, and I’m expecting to learn how to handle difficult or challenging people, and my wildest expectation is that if I knew how to do that, nobody would ever get under my skin again. Ever. Debrief State your objectives of the course, review the list of expectations the group made, and explain whether or not, and ​why, if not, their expectations will or wont be covered in the course.

Marketing Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Report - Coursework Example This has also been done for understanding the external environment. The findings derived after analyzing the market for IKEA revealed that IKEA is one of the major players in the furniture retailing market and though the company has many competitors, but due to certain Unique Selling Proposition (USP) the competitors would not be able to shake the strong foundation of the company. The company might face problems due to the economic slowdown that is prevailing around the world, due to which the sales might get affected. Introduction IKEA Furniture is private furniture retail chain in UK, which sells furniture and home products. The company also deals in customized furniture which has to be assembled according to the preferences of the customers. IKEA is one of the world’s largest furniture retailers and it sells furniture like beds, desks, chairs, tables, home appliances and accessories. The company was founded by Ingvar Kamprad in the year 1943, in Sweden. IKEA is best known f or stylish, designable and easy to handle furniture. Their furniture is eco-friendly and simply designed. Apart from its products, the company is also known for its cost control aspect. The company has always maintained a standard in controlling its internal cost, paying ample attention to the operational details and continuously developing and improving their product. IKEA is now owned and operated by both profit and non-profit organization. So the corporate structure of the company is segregated into two parts, namely: franchising and operations. The aim of this study is to analyze the functions and developments of IKEA furniture, conduct a complete market analysis of the company so as to understand the present position of the company in the industry and finally recommend strategies for improvement (IKEA, 2012). Procedure The aim of the study is to conduct competitor, market, environmental, customer and internal analysis for IKEA Furniture, so that the actual position of the compa ny in the global market can be identified. Competitors’ analysis can be done by first identifying the competitors, understanding their strategies for the customers, predicting the future steps of the competitors, assessing the value chain of the competitors and developing strategies to challenge their method. The market share of the competitors has to be estimated. The environmental analysis can be done by analyzing the external environmental of the country where IKEA has planned to open up a retail store. Similarly customers’ analysis can be done by studying the behavioural and psychological patterns of the consumers. Finally the internal analysis of the company would be done by assessing the human, financial, and physical resources within the company. Findings Competitor Analysis The major competitors of IKEA are ASDA, Ashley, and Bassett Furniture Industries among others. According to the CEO of the company, their brand awareness is must more than the size of the co mpany. This is because IKEA is not just a furniture merchant like the competitors, but it sells lifestyle to its customers. Apart

Engaged Buddhist response to Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Engaged Buddhist response to Consumerism - Essay Example In the twenty-first century, people live in a technologically-advanced world. Everything is done with a touch of a button. Perhaps, the saying that â€Å"an idle mind is the devil’s workshop,† is true because the more free time man has, the more time he spends on whining about how miserable life is and how only a new gadget or material possession could make him feel better. Conspicuous consumption is the name of the game. And consumerism is the rule. This paper shall discuss the concepts of consumerism from the perspective of Engaged Buddhism and their interaction in society, how Engaged Buddhism responds to tide of consumerism. More specifically, Engaged Buddhism responds to consumerism with meditation and mindful living coupled with acts of compassion and generosity. ENGAGED BUDDHISM Engaged Buddhism is a movement within the Buddhist religion. It follows all the teachings of Buddha, the Enlightened One; it practices all the traditions and rites of the Buddhist religion. But what makes it different is the fact that it puts a premium on the value of active compassion, that is, meditation coupled with action. However, when the founder himself is asked, he contends that â€Å"Engaged Buddhism is just Buddhism† (Malkin 1). This movement was established in the middle of the 20th century by Thich Nhat Hanh, a Vietnamese monk who, surrounded with pain and desperation during the Vietnam War, realized and decided that, â€Å"Buddhism has to do with your daily life, with your suffering and with the suffering of the people around you† (Malkin 1). ... Meditation is about the awareness of what is going on—not only in your body and in your feelings, but all around you,† (Malkin 1). Thus, Engaged Buddhism was born. Inspired by the deep desire to serve the community, Thich Nhat Hanh founded the School of Youth for Social Services where the students learned not only religion but most importantly compassion. They were taught to put their beliefs into actions by working to help ease the suffering of the people (Queen 38). As the group grew larger, Engaged Buddhism became not just a religious movement but also a social force – a flicker of light that beacons all those who are in the darkness of pain, despair and uncertainty. Armed with pure courage and determination to share the values of love and compassion to his fellowmen, Thich Nhat Hanh planted the seeds of Engaged Buddhism on the unforgiving and hostile bloodstained soil of his motherland. True enough, as an affirmation to his extraordinary efforts, religious and layman communities had soon adapted to the art of mindful living and mindfulness to the Buddhist principles that gives to every individual the respect and dignity he deserves as a human being (Queen 54). The Zen monk’s extraordinary courage and compassion sent ripples of hope across the country and even to the other side of the Pacific Ocean. In recognition, no less than Martin Luther King, Jr. nominated him to the Nobel Peace Prize in 1967 (Malkin 1). Consumerism In the society that we know today, there is always the need to have more and to possess the latest, best and coolest. Mass media makes sure of that. The advertising sector has mastered the art of deception – making every consumer think that he needs whatever is pushed in his mind through

Right to education in India Essay Example for Free

Right to education in India Essay Abstract Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. (Article 26 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights). This UN recommendation has been reinforced in the provisions of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act (2009), which came into effect in India on 1 April 2010, enshrining in law for the first time the rights of all Indian children aged between six and fourteen years to free and compulsory elementary education regardless of caste, class, gender, etc. After 62 year of independence, The Union of India has made free and compulsory education a fundamental right for every child between the age of 6to 14. Now India has joined the group of those countries who provide for constitutional guarantee to free and compulsory education. The enforcement of this right is the joint responsibility of the centre and the state with even the local bodies playing their role in its functioning. The present paper shares the historical perspective, salient features, critical analysis of the act, the problems ahead and suggests ways to overcome them. Index  Content Page number Introduction 4 Historical perspective 5 Salient features 6 Criticism 7 Challenges ahead 9 Suggestions 11 Conclusion 13 References 14 Introduction Education is a fundamental human right and essential for the exercise of all other human rights. It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important development benefits. Yet millions of children and adults remain deprived of educational opportunities, many as a result of poverty. Normative instruments of the United Nations and UNESCO lay down international legal obligations for the right to education. These instruments promote and develop the right of every person to enjoy access to education of good quality, without discrimination or exclusion. These instruments bear witness to the great importance that Member States and the international community attach to normative action for realizing the right to education. It is for governments to fulfill their obligations both legal and political in regard to providing education for all of good quality and to implement and monitor more effectively education strategies. Education is a powerful tool by which economically and socially marginalized adults and children can lift themselves out of poverty and participate fully as citizens. Education system was in a huge problem right after at the time of independence. It was under Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpai that educatory reforms were made. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was a massive step with what followed by mid day meal. Objective: 1. To determine the problems in the right of children to free and compulsory education act, 2009. 2. To find out the problems in present and future after the amendment. 3. To find out effective solutions for the same. Historical perspective At the time of Independence, India inherited an educational system which was not only quantitatively small but was also characterized by striking gender and regional disparities. Only one child out of three had been enrolled in primary school. Thus challenge was to provide elementary education to all its children within a stipulated period of time. Accordingly, universal education for all children in the 6-14 age groups became a constitutional provision by Article 45 of the Constitution. Special care of the economic and educational interests of the under privileged sections of the population also became a constitutional obligation. But these constitutional provisions still remain unfulfilled. Governments commitment to ensure elementary education for all children aged 6-14 years was later seen in its ambitious program named Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. Free and compulsory elementary education was made a fundamental right under Article 21A of the Constitution in December 2002 by the 86th Amendment. In bringing this into action, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Bill was drafted in 2005. This was revised and became an Act in August 2009, but was enforced on 1st April 2010. The Right to Education Act will benefit about one crore out-of- school children and a large number of drop-out children. As per an estimate, out of 22 crore children in the 6-14 years age group in the country, 4. 6 percent children have no enrolment in any school. Salient Features The Right to Education Act is a detailed and comprehensive piece of legislation which includes provisions related to schools, teachers, curriculum, evaluation, access and specific division of duties and responsibilities of all concerned. Main features of the Act are as under: 1. Every child from 6 to 14 years of age shall have the right to free and compulsory education in a neighborhood school till completion of elementary education 2. Private schools shall provide 25 percent reservation for weaker sections and economically disadvantaged groups in the admission. 3. All schools except government schools are required to meet all specified norms and standards within three years to avoid cancellation of their recognition. 4. The act calls for a fixed pupil-teacher ratio, i. e. 30:1 5. The act mandates improvement in quality of education 6. Financial burden shall be shared between Central and State Governments Criticism 1. It is stated in section 3(1) that every child of the age of six to fourteen years shall have the right to free and compulsory education in a neighborhood school till completion of elementary education. Criticism: right and compulsory are two contradictory terms and thus it should be stated in duties of a parent and guardians to make sure their children get their right just like in China in their article 46 amended in 2006, although it has its presence in section 10 but there is no punishment stated on failure to do so. The age for education is also not justified. There should also be free education for the youth and adults who are uneducated and there also should be adequate stress levied upon pre schooling as a child might not be able to cope with the intellectual needs required in standard one without it. 2. It is stated in section 6 that for carrying out the provisions of this Act, the appropriate Government and the local authority shall establish, within such area or limits of neighborhood, as may be prescribed, a school, where it is not so established, within a period of three years from the commencement of this Act. Criticism: The period for the following is far too long as a school as per government norms must have a huge open space and different classrooms for each year with a strength not exceeding 30 students. This can be reached in one year and so a time limit of 18 months would’ve been adequate rather than delaying it more by another year and a half. 3. It is stated in section 8 (a) that provide free and compulsory elementary education to every child Provided that where a child is admitted by his or her parents or guardian, as the case may be, in a school other than a school established, owned, controlled or substantially financed by funds provided directly or indirectly by the appropriate Government or a local authority, such child or his or her parents or guardian, as the case maybe, shall not be entitled to make a claim of reimbursement of expenditure incurred on elementary education of the child in such other school. And in section 18 No school established, owned or controlled by the appropriate Government or a local authority shall, after the commencement of this Act, be established or function, without obtaining a certificate of recognition from such authority, by making an application in such form and manner, as may be prescribed. Criticism: trust bodies and private tutoring as been availed by our former prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, both are discouraged. 4. It is stated in section 16 that No child admitted in a school shall be held back in any class or expelled from school till the completion of elementary education. Criticism: This may result in lack of seriousness for education and in the end result in failure after elementary education. 5. It is stated in section 17(1) No child shall be subjected to physical or mental harassment. And in 17(2) whoever contravenes the provisions of subsection (1) shall be liable to disciplinary action under the service rules applicable to such person. Criticism: the remote areas where the adults and youth are un-educated may face problems in putting forward a case for the same rather a special committee under education board must look into such issue. Challenges ahead 1. State Governments Apathy: Lack of Promptness / Commitment Poor economic conditions of the States 2. Availability of Infrastructure Facilities: Establishment of Primary Schools within one kilometer and upper Primary Schools within three kilometer distance. Well equipped classrooms, library, laboratory, play ground, drinking water and toilet facilities 3. Availability of Teachers and Required Pupil-Teacher Ratio: Five lacks new teachers are to be recruited and 5 lacks new classrooms are to be constructed to meet the required 30: 1 pupil teacher ratio. There are seven lacks teachers in the recognized 13 lacks primary schools. Out of these, three lacks teachers are either untrained or under-training. In many states large numbers of teachers are para-teachers and many of them are untrained. As per a recent report by NUEPA, Bihar tops amongst the states having poor pupil-teacher ratio and Uttar Pradesh comes at second place. In about 35 percent primary schools in Uttar Pradesh, pupil teacher ratio is 60:1. Fifty one percent primary schools in Uttar Pradesh are having three or less number of teachers. Out of these, 38 percent are para-teachers. In the present circumstances, to maintain pupil-teacher ratio as per the Act, appears a distant dream. 4. Quality of Education: Quality of education depends upon the quality of teachers. Teachers selection and training procedure and their conditions of work need a substantial improvement. Teachers accountability to the pupils, their parents, and the community and to their own profession needs to be determined. 5. Twenty Five Percent Reservation of Seats in Private Schools: What will be the identification, selection and verification of economically weaker and disadvantaged children? Would they be selected from the neighborhood or from the entire village/town/city? How the whole process will be monitored by the government? Suggestions In the light of the challenges discussed earlier, following are some suggestions which may be helpful to meet the challenges: 1. The state governments are required to show promptness for the implementation of the RTE Act. The states who have not yet released any notification regarding the Act must do it without any further delay. The Central Government should impose a time limit to release funds to the states. If any state government still shows apathy to release notification, then no funds should be released by the Centre to that state for the establishment of new schools. State governments should show full commitment for the implementation of the Act. 2. Primary schools with all minimum required infrastructure facilities should be established in the neglected areas on priority basis. Central government should release budget of its share to the states at the earliest. Facilities in the existing government schools should be expanded. To avoid the closure of unrecognized private schools for not fulfilling the prescribed recognition standards within three years, these schools must be helped to improve their facilities by resource support and providing linkages with financial institutions. To meet budgetary constraints, stress must be given on cost effectiveness and accountability at every level. 3. To meet the increasing demand of qualified and trained full time teachers, the teachers in required number must be recruited at the earliest. Pupil-teacher ratio must be maintained as per requirement. As more and more children move into the primary school age group, it becomes needful to build more and more schools and recruit more teachers for sustained improvement in the quality of education. 4. Primary schools need to be made aware of the provisions made for 25 percent reservation of seats for the economically and socially weaker and disadvantaged children and the role of school managing committees in this regard. The identification, selection and verification procedure of such children should be well defined and well informed. It should also be notified that how the whole process will be monitored. 5. There is need to streamline educational administration. The pace of implementation of the Act can become faster if bottlenecks in administration are removed. Altogether, it is essential to adopt an integrated approach and establish linkages between education and other related areas such as child care, nutrition and health. Each state should formulate a State Program of Action and each district and school should formulate a Program of Action of its own by taking into account the State Program of Action. 6. Teachers performance is the most crucial input in the field of education. Well qualified and highly motivated teachers are the key to effective implementation of the curriculum. They give impetus to the teaching-learning process. Top priority, therefore, should be fixed for the improvement in the quality and content of teacher education program 7. While the Central and State Governments have their full share of responsibilities, it is community participation and involvement of NGOs which will make marked difference in meeting the challenge of implementing Right to Education Act. 8. To achieve the goals of Free and Compulsory Elementary Education, it is of upmost importance to develop curricula that is responsive to changing needs and facilitates the incorporation and integration of new content areas related to science, technology, population and the environment. Conclusion: In order to meet the challenges and surmount the hurdles that stand in the way of implementing Right to Education Act, it is needful to concentrate all efforts with full dedication and commitment. Not only the central and state governments but the nation as a whole should take responsibility in this regard. Community participation and support can make marked difference in achieving this goal. There exists a need for greater coordination amongst different agencies and functionaries involved in this task. To overcome population pressures and budgetary constraints, cost effectiveness and accountability must be ascertained at every level. Efforts should be focused on qualitative improvement of the whole program. References The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (RTE Act, 2009). Education and National Development, Report of the Education Commission (1964-66), NCERT, New Delhi, 1971. Challenges of Education–a policy perspective, Ministry of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi, August 1985. National Policy on Education – 1986, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India, Dept. of Education, New Delhi, May, 1986. Towards an Enlightened and Humane Society, Report of the Committee for Review of National Policy on Education 1986, Final Report, 26th Dec. 1990. National Policy on Education–1986 (With Modifications undertaken in 1992), Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Education, New Delhi, 1992. National Policy on Education 1986, Programme of Action, 1992, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Education, Govt. of India, 1993. Education for All – The Indian Scene, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India, Dec. 1993. Sixth All India Educational Survey, Selected Statistics, NCERT, New Delhi, 1998. Seventh All India School Education Survey, Provisional Statistics, N. C. E. R. T. , New Delhi, Sep. 30, 2002. National Curriculum Framework, 2005, N. C. E. R. T. , New Delhi. National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education, N. C. T. E. , New Delhi, 2009–10. The gazette of extraordinary India http://www. unesco. org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/right-to-education/.

Nursing Research Article Critique Essay example -- Healthcare Nursing

The development of knowledge requires a number of processes in order to establish credible data to ensure the validity and appropriateness of how it can be used in the future. For the healthcare industry, this has provided the ability to create and form new types of interventions in order to give adequate care across a of number of fields within the system. Research then, has been an essential part in providing definitive data, either by disproving previous beliefs or confirming newly found data and methods. Moreover, research in itself contains its own process with a methodological approach. Of the notable methods, quantitative research is often used for its systemic approach (Polit & Beck, 2006). Thus, the use of the scientific method is used, which also utilizes the use of numerical data (Polit & Beck). Here, researches make use of creating surveys, scales, or placing a numerical value on it subjects (Polit & Beck). In the end the resulting data is neutral and statistical. Howeve r, like all things its approach is not perfect, yet, it has the ability to yield valuable data. Summary of Critiqued Article For nursing, research has played a major role in the way clinical practice is done. Research has allowed nurses to provide appropriate care to patients. It allows them to perform their job by providing them the tools and information they need in order to make the decisions on the concerns for caring the patient (Polit & Beck, 2006). Moreover, research can also take focus on the workers themselves in order to improve the practice both on a professional and personal level. An example of a study conducted by King, Vidourek, and Schweibert of University of Cincinnati created a study to determine if there is a correlation between ... ...nce in the outcomes for many. Knowledge grants others the ability to fulfill their duties across a spectrum of fields and for nurses; it allows them to make decision that can improve the outcome of patient's health. Nurses are a vital backbone to the healthcare system and through research they are able to continue to expand their roles, knowledge, and abilities on a professional and personal level. References King, K. A., Vidourek, R., & Schwiebert, M. (2009). Disordered eating and job stress among nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 17, 861-869. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.nu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&hid=108&sid=56ec0737-792e-4eac-aad7-1ce285824dce%40sessionmgr115 Polit, D., & Beck, C. (2006). Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice (7th ed.). Phildelphia: Lippencott Wilkins & Williams.

Generate Expressions

Generate Expressions 1. If a coffee company purchases paper cups at a cost of x cents for a package of ten and lids at a cost of y cents per dozen, which of the following represents its material cost, in cents, of c cups of coffee? 2. If a car rental company charges $100 for each rental, a dollars per mile, and b dollars per hour, which of the following represents the total cost to rent a car for 6 hours and travel 250 miles? 100 + 250a + 6b 3. In a library there are currently B bookshelves, each with 40 books.C new bookshelves are added, then 5 books are added to every bookshelf in the library. How many books have been added to the library? 45C + 5B 4. A boat drifts down a 200-mile river at a rate of 6 miles per hour for the first h hours. In terms of h, where h < 30, how many miles remain to be traveled? 200-6h 5. If Sarah earns d dollars per hour for babysitting, and t dollars per hour of travel time, which of the following represents her earnings after babysitting for 4 hours and traveling one hour to the family's house? 4d+t 6. The cost of a pair of shoes is S dollars.If the shoes go on sale for P percent off of their original price, and Joey buys them with a coupon for an additional C percent off of the sale price, then what price does Joey pay? | | | | 7. If Peter can mow the front lawn in 15 minutes less than twice the time it takes Amanda to mow the lawn, and Amanda can mow the lawn in h hours, which of the following expressions represents the time in hours it takes Peter to mow the lawn? 8h – 1| | 4| 8. Joe can ride his bike M miles in 1 hour. If he lives 3 miles from school and it takes him N minutes to get there, which of the following represents M in terms of N? 80| | N| 9. If each support cable can support p pounds, and the total weight of an elevator is m pounds, which of the following represents the number of cables required to support the elevator? m/p 10. If Kat is four years more than twice as old as Andrew, and Kat is a years old, whi ch of the following expressions represents the age of Andrew? 11. If Rick takes 10 seconds more than two-thirds the time it takes Ted to run the 400 meter dash, and Rick runs the 400 meter dash in s seconds, which of the following expressions represents the time it takes Ted to run the 400 meter dash? 2. The original price of for a meal is p dollars. During lunch, however, the restaurant offers a discount of x percent. Janet also uses a coupon that offers y dollars off the discounted price. Which of the following represents the price, in dollars, that Janet paid for the meal? 13. A flagpole twelve feet tall casts a shadow two feet long. If Jill is standing next to the flagpole and casts a shadow that is x inches long, how tall is Jill, in feet? 14. A repairman charges f for the first hour of work and d dollars for each additional hour.If he earns $445 working one job, and he is there for more than one hour, which of the following expressions represents the time he spent at the job? 15. If the average (arithmetic mean) of the 3 numbers above is 3y, what is x in terms of y? y 16. An apple orchard has n trees, and each tree typically produces a apples in a season. If the orchard plants m additional trees, in terms of a, n and m, what will be the expected total yield of apples? am + an 17. If the average (arithmetic mean) of w + 2 and 3w is y and the average of 3w – 4 and w is x, what is the average of x and y? 2w – ? 8. A laptop battery, when fully charged, can power a computer for h hours. The battery takes j minutes to fully charge. If the battery charged for k minutes, and k ; j, which of the following represents the amount of time, in hours, the battery can power the computer? 19. Susan is paid m dollars per hour for the f hours she works at the local record store. If she works more than f hours a week, Susan is paid an additional k dollars per hour for each additional hour. If Susan works a total of h hours in a week, and h ; f, in terms of m, f, k and h, what is Susan paid for the week? m + hk – kf 20. Derek and Pete are all paid hourly for their work at the local coffee shop. Derek is paid 10 dollars per hour, which is a dollars per hour more than Pete. Derek also works 37 hours each week, which is b hours less than Pete. If Pete earns c dollars in a week, what is a in terms of b and c? 21. The average (arithmetic mean) of three numbers is 2x. If one of the numbers is y + 3, what is the average of the remaining two numbers in terms of x and y? 22. An auditorium originally has 30 chairs per row and a total of 25 rows.The auditorium undergoes renovations so that each of the rows is extended by c chairs, and an additional r rows are added. In terms of r and c, how many additional chairs have been added? (30 + c)(25 + r) – 750 23. If Lisa's phone company charges ten cents per minute for phone calls and fifteen cents for each text message, which of the following represents the total bill (in dollars) due to the phone company if Lisa talked for m minutes and sent t texts? 0. 10m + 0. 15t 24. A taxi service charges a base fare of d dollars, and then an additional b dollars per quarter-mile. If the total fare was $11. 5, which of the following represents the total distance traveled? 25. Each box of cupcakes costs f dollars to produce and contains c cupcakes. Each cupcake is sold for d dollars. What is the profit from selling a box of cupcakes? Cd-f 26. A new hybrid car can travel t miles per gallon, and the gas tank can hold g gallons of gas. If gas costs $2 per gallon, which of the following represents the cost, in dollars, required to travel one mile? 2/t 27. If Tom is seven years less than twice as old as Rick, and Rick is n years old, which of the following expressions represents the age of Tom? n – 7 28. Which of the following represents the total cost, in dollars, if Sally bought 8 apples which cost n dollars each and 6 oranges which each cost half as much as an apple? 11n 29. T he original price of a CD was d dollars, but it was discounted x percent during a seasonal sale. If the sales tax of y percent was applied to the sale price, which of the following represents the price, in dollars, of the CD? | 30. Jen, Liz and Radha decided to take a road trip across the country. Jen drove a total of j miles.Liz drove 100 miles less than twice as many miles as Jen drove, and Radha drove half as many miles as Liz. In terms of j, what was the average miles each person drove? 31. Which of the following represents the total cost, in dollars, of y yards of yarn at 2 dollars per foot, and b buttons at 40 cents per button? (1 yard = 3 feet) 6y + 0. 4b 32. Which of the following represents the total cost in dollars for x hot dog buns and y hot dogs if buns cost $7 per dozen and hot dogs cost fifty cents each? 33. Which of the following represents the area of the figure shown above? (a – c – b) + 1/2(c + b)2 34. The average (arithmetic mean) of three numbers i s x. If one of the numbers is 2y – 1, what is the average of the remaining two numbers in terms of x and y? S and T are consecutive even integers with T > S. S is what percent of T? | | 35. A car rental company charges r dollars for the first hour and then it charges any additional hours at a rate of s dollars per hour. If the total cost for a rental is t dollars and the rental lasts longer than one hour, which of the following expressions represents the length of the rental in hours? t – r + s| s| 36. There are x coins in a jar. If one coin is to be selected at random, the probability that a penny will be selected randomly is 2/5 and the probability that a nickel will be selected randomly is 1/4. In terms of x, how many coins are neither pennies nor nickels? 37. A swimming pool can hold y gallons at maximum capacity. If a hose can fill the pool at a rate of x gallons per second, which of the following expressions represents the time, in minutes, to fill an empty swimm ing pool to 90% capacity? 38. Lisa, Sally and Jessica all sold lemonade outside of their houses.Lisa sold k cups of lemonade. Sally sold five cups less than twice as many cups of lemonade as Lisa, and Jessica sold nine cups more than three times the number of cups that Sally sold. In terms of k, how many cups of lemonade did Jessica sell? 6k – 6 39. The average of 2 numbers is A. When a third number is included, the average becomes B. What is the third number in terms of A and B? 3B – 2A 40. In a six-hour flight from New York to Los Angeles, an airplane averages 200 miles per hour during the first t hours until it reaches cruising altitude.Once at the cruising altitude, the airplane travels at 545 miles per hour for the remainder of the trip. If terms of t, where t < 6, how far is the flight? 545 ? 6 – 345t 41. If the steps above are followed in order, which of the following is a simplified expression for the result? -7y + 11x 42. Jacob wants to buy new school s upplies. If pens cost 75 cents each and notebooks cost 2 dollars each, which of the following represents the cost, in dollars, of p pens and n notebooks? 43. The force exerted on an object is defined as the product of the mass of the object and its acceleration. The force exerted on a ball is initially f.If the mass of the ball remains the same but the acceleration decreases by a factor of three, what is the resulting force on the ball? 44. The original price of a pair of pants was p dollars but they were discounted x percent during a seasonal sale. If the sales tax of y percent was applied to the discounted price, which of the following represents the price, in dollars, of the pants? 45. A hotdog stand buys hot dogs by the carton. Each carton has p packages of hot dogs, and each package contains h hot dogs. If each carton of hot dogs costs c dollars, what is the cost per hot dog? c/ph 46.

Ethical And Environmental Factors Essay

The state of Belina is situated in the sub-Saharan region. The countries in the sub-Saharan region have suffered a lot for many years. Most African countries in the sub-Saharan parts have been depicted to be suffering heavily due to the low industrialization level in the region. The transformation of country’s economics together with the changes of living standards of the people begin with education, which is brings about technology changes. Education in the region has been low with just most people attaining the elementary education. There are a few elites with higher education whom the state hope would transform their states. (Williams, 2004. pp 95) The governments of the sub-Saharan states have encouraged their investors by offering them favoring production and investment terms. As the past investment reveals, the investments which have been conducted in the African countries has adversely affected them. There is unfathomable damage and disadvantages which have been created as result of industrial development within many African states. This ranges from the high rates of there natural resource exploitation as well as human labor exploitations to the adverse environmental changes they have implicated. Davidson, 1992, pp402) Despite all the investment made within the sub-Saharan countries, energy investment has received low investors. Due to the low energy production in the region the majority of the people in the region are believed to be subjected to abject poverty. As the people within the region suffer a lot, the energy scarcity has contributed to the low economic growth. Introduction The energy demand has eminently risen in many countries allover the globe over the mid and the last century. This has been as result of rapid developments in the industrial sector as well as in the revolution in technology. Besides this industrialization factor, the state population has also increased several folds. The state populations have been increasing in high rate, thus it has multiplied more than 4 times between 1985 and 2005. The energy demand has increased twelve times within this particular period. This has lead to the government and other individuals to embark on more resources for energy. This indicates the important aspect the country men leaders attaches to the energy production. The people from the sub-Saharan countries such as the belina community should be cautious of the environmental impact that any industrial development might have in there livelihoods. Many people have developed technologically leading to industrialization, but the development which has been done also turned out as draw backs to future generations. The American and the United Kingdom states such as Germany and the Japan are such developed countries which are currently savaging from such development. This is because any technology which is introduced within the state should perpetually yield positive more advantages than its disadvantages. (Munasinghe, 2005, pp 35-48) The effects of energy productions plants are similar to those of other processing and manufacturing plants. While the industrialized countries are savaging from great environmental pollution, there has been campaigns on environmental control. The impacts of environmental pollutions are globally felt. The energy producer companies and the consumers companies of such energies have both been major contributors to the scourge felt. As the effects of global warming are being felt, the sub-Saharan countries seem to be in worse hit. This is because global warming has affected the good climatic conditions under which they have thrived in economics means. This climatic change has been associated with the industrialized countries of which most of them are much far from the continent. Due to the above consideration, the government of belina has an obligation of considering such campaigns of eliminating and discarding the energy companies interested in investments that has got inadequate pollution control measures. For this reason, the government has to view those companies having the utilization of old traditional methods as environmentally unfriendly and also some of those modern technology methods which are not renewable. Energy sources and their effects The old traditional energy sources have greatly led to the advancement of our production. They have been credited for they have enabled men to the discoveries which were fundamental for high productions. However, this old traditional methods of energy sources have now created another milestone of environmental clean up. The major traditional energy sources which are available range from the fossils to wood and to some extent the reactive elements used in the nuclear powers. These have continued for long being in use, and even today, they form ninety percent of the energy produced and consumed world wide. The application of energy resources such as coal, natural gas, petroleum products as well as uranium have for long been used. These are all non-renewable sources which have high risk of depletion besides high hazards to the environment and the people handling them. The fossils fuels have only been of continued used initially as they were plentiful and inexpensive. However, these advantages are no longer valuable as there are other means for which energy has been produced cheaply and with consistency. Usually, the consumption of these substances and their products has now been a major risk to the country consuming them. The consumption of these substances has generated numerous air pollutants and other air by-products which have lead to global climatic changes. Coal as energy resources take millions of years to be formed. Despite this, it is historically disputed as a threat to the miners/ workforce and also as an environmental hazard. While petroleum has served for long in the transportation systems and other industrial sectors like manufacturing of plastic and synthetic fabric, it has also posed greater dangers to the environment of our people. The spillage which may occur within the seas and rivers during its transportation to the power plants creates a lot of stress and tension to the environment. This significantly destroys our rivers, seas and marines live, hence the whole aquatic live. This not only affects the water ecosystems but they also leading to endangering the human life through food chain systems. The natural gas products are also enormously boosting both agricultural production and our health through their application in the medical systems. Although the natural gas seems to contribute much towards environmental conservation, the methane gas has got enormous effects which relates to the greenhouse effects. (Hall and Mao, 1994, pp 234) The non-renewable fossil energy sources are indiscriminately disastrous to the environment. The extraction of these fossils causes many changes to the soil structures hence causes disturbances to the soil. Apart from affecting the soil and its inhabitants, the method of extraction causes disturbances in the water systems, which my lead to diversion of the water ways making a particular region to experience unexpected dryness water scarcity while other part enjoys plenty of water availability. Vegetation and other significant resources are not spared either and this perhaps affects the whole ecosystem of the region which may act as tourism attraction centre. The twentieth century has endeavored to utilize the technology advances on combating with the problem of limited energy. Undoubtedly the discovery of the nuclear energy was a period of great hope to the world. Many individuals thought that nuclear energies would save the world from its limited natural resources as elements are quite abundant. The believed results turned out as unfulfilling very soon. Just after the introductory of this energy production technique, numerous fearful cases were reported allover the world. As with the Japanese case, many countries were apprehended with awesome fear as the enormous disaster left behind with the prolong killing of people. As well known, any excess without control is dangerous. Due to excess energy that is generated, the nuclear energy mistakes left thousands of the Japanese killed and many others injured. The state is also suffering from this long historical happening even after heavily assistance to curb the radiation effects. Many are born disabled due to affected human molding factors. The non-renewable based companies may thus find no way of solving the Belina problem of energy crisis. (Ministry of Water, Energy and Mining, 1988, pp 16) The struggle for the belina energy shortage takes the alternative energy sources. This adopts the issues of renewable energy sources. The Belina is positioned within the advantageous positions of the world. The fact that Belina lies in the sub-Saharan region; there is an immeasurable advantages over other countries which lies in the far ends of the artic and Antarctic of the globe. Being in the sub-Saharan region, it has the full advantage of utilizing the major world energy sources which is believed as the sun. The state does not have to succumb to the developed states demands on favors which will bring them more future life uncertainty. However, the country would need to tap the solar energy which is availed for twelve plus hour in a day. The use of this energy has not only been praised for its natural occurrence but it has been environmentally friendly. It is the best natural occurring clean energy in spites of its limited amounts that depend on the intensity of the sun. Furthermore, solar plant installation clears only a minute piece of land affecting a few vegetation cover. (World Bank, 1989, pp 23) Windmills have transformed the lives of many people living in the sub-Saharan and sub-Saharan states. Windmill energy production is thus a rapidly growing energy sources, this is thriving well in places where wind is freely blowing such as the ones experienced in the Belina. The wind blowing along the ridges and others part are potentially trapping position of energy to the industries. This would mitigate the lives of the communities by enhancing economic growths while maintaining the low effects which are short lived such as vegetation clearing on the wind pathways. Although, this may affect the country economy, it is anticipated the most hit sector is the tourism which depend on birds as their attraction means. The killing of such birds by the blades of turbines is quite minimal as compared to the energy non-renewable sources (Ministry of Water, Energy and Mining, 1988, pp 16) As the country come to the culmination of industrialization leading it to the level of developed state, the urban centre would be highly populated more than the cities are packed now. This will lead to an unimaginable sanitary state of the city environment. The living places of the people are now ravaged and littered with garbage from fruit refuse and other organic plant litters. This is making the people to live barely struggling to breathe for pure oxygen. This poses great threat of health hazards to the people. The chances of endemic and epidemic are now in the verge of being rampant in the region. But, with the modern technology, the people in the cities and other metropolitan can be saved with the utilization of the refuse both for the energy production and for economic agricultural production through soils enrichment. It will be a prime reason for not investing on others energy forms while refuse is indirectly and directly disseminating diseases to the population of the nation (Johansson, 1993, pp 96-118) The investment in bio-fuel and other biomass degradable materials has lead to the production of products such as gasohol, gasoline and many other products. The products have been a means of saving the countries from the energy crisis which is associated to the over dependency on non-renewable energy sources. Apart from their application by other states as energy alternative, they have an impact on the maintenance of stable prices of the products from the factories, making the products affordable to the consumers in poverty stricken states such as those in the sub-Saharan regions. (Sokona, 2002, pp 145) Conclusion The energy crisis and shortage to countries in the sub-Saharan region has contributed to the persistence of great suffering of the people due to poverty high level. However, the investment on energy production to solve the problem should be a careful process that does not impact adversely both in the environmental factors as well as in the ethical factors. The traditional energy sources have been major contributors to the worse economic conditions of the people in the sub-Saharan states. This can thus be altered by the adaptation of the energy production methods which are renewable. References: Davidson O. (1992): Energy Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa: Annual Review of Energy and Environment Vol. 17 pp401-403. Hall, D. and Mao, Y. (1994): Biomass and Coal in Africa. London Johansson, T. et al (1993): Renewable Energy:. Island Press Ministry of Water, Energy and Mining, (1988): Lesotho Energy Master Plan: GTZ and Department of Energy World Bank, (1989) Sub-Saharan Africa – From Crisis to Sustainable Growth: The World Bank. Williams, J. (2004). Sustainable development in Africa: is the climate right? IRI Technical Report Munasinghe, M. (2005). Primer on climate change and sustainable development: Cambridge University Press. Sokona, Y. (2002) Think bigger, act faster: a new sustainable energy path for African development: University of Cape

LES MISERABLES Essays (485 words) - English-language Films

LES MISERABLES Essays (485 words) - English-language Films LES MISERABLES Behind the plot of the story there was a great meaning of what life is all about and human nature. I is not only the main character searching for justice but about the world living one terrible lie. The book touches fragile aspects of crime, love, poverty, and the meaning of life and death. Sometimes life is unfair and you cannot change the way it is, but make the best of it. Things I have Learned What is justice? Anyone, would say it is what the law says and how people abide by it. A man caught stealing money from the poor should in fact go to jail. A man who has killed should also be executed. But what about morals? A man who steals bread to feed his starving family goes to jail. A man kills an man who attacks and threatens the lives of his family goes to jail. This changes the scenario, but who is really the convict? This idea put me to think. Is it okay to overlook the good thief and punish the bad thief? No, its not just to either one of them. The just to do would be to punish them both, but then the innocent suffer. This book has well over a thousand themes. Each one uniquely different towards the reader, but there is a principal message behind the book, the Miserable?s name is mankind. No matter in what society, region, or country, they are all still affected by the same kind of miseries. This text refers to the hardcover edition of this title - Tender story of an ex-convict who re-discovers life. I began to read "Les Mis" as a challenge to myself. As I read the last pages this evening it was all that I could do to keep from bawling. Although I've never seen the musical or the various films, I can't believe that any adaptation can do justice to Hugo's beautiful knowledge of language. Although there is some rough going at the descriptions of historical, societal and political France Hugo constantly returns to his masterful description: "Only a thin partition separated him from that small cluster of lost souls groping in the darkness and sundered from the living world; he had heard them living, or rather suffering, with a few yards of him.... They are les miserables the outcasts, the underdogs. And who is to blame? Is it not the most fallen who have most need of charity?" It is thus that Hugo captures the most icy hearts. The reader can't help but be enthralled by the trials and tribulations of Jean Valjean, the ex-convict wi th a will ! to live outside the mire. With some help, he learns that there is so much to live for, and so much to lose. With a bittersweet ending that does a Mexican-hat-dance on the emotions, "Les Mis" is a true classic.

Sauroposeidon - Facts and Figures

Sauroposeidon - Facts and Figures Name: Sauroposeidon (Greek for Poseidon lizard); pronounced SORE-oh-po-SIDE-on Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (110 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 100 feet long and 60 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Extremely long neck; massive body; small head About Sauroposeidon For years, pretty much all we knew about the fancifully named Sauroposeidon derived from a handful of cervical vertebrae (neck bones) unearthed in Oklahoma in 1999. These arent just your garden-variety vertebrae, thoughjudging by their massive size and weight, its clear that Sauroposeidon was one of the largest herbivorous (plant-eating) dinosaurs that ever lived, outclassed only by the South American Argentinosaurus and its fellow North American cousin Seismosaurus (which may well have been a species of Diplodocus). A few other titanosaurs, like Bruthathkayosaurus and Futalongkosaurus, may also have outclassed Sauroposeidon, but the fossil evidence attesting to their size is even more incomplete. In 2012, Sauroposeidon underwent a resurrection of sorts when two other (equally poorly understood) sauropod specimens were synonymized with it. The scattered fossils of Paluxysaurus and Pleurocoelus individuals, discovered near the Paluxy River in Texas, were assigned to Sauroposeidon, with the result that these two obscure genera may one day be synonymized themselves with the Poseidon Lizard. (Ironically, both Pleurocoelus and Paluxysaurus have served as the official state dinosaur of Texas; not only may these be the same dinosaur as Sauroposeidon, but all three of these sauropods may also have been the same as Astrodon, the official state dinosaur of Maryland. Isnt paleontology fun?) Judging from the still-limited evidence available, what set Sauroposeidon apart from other enormous, elephant-legged, small-brained sauropods and titanosaurs was its extreme height. Thanks to its unusually long neck, this dinosaur may have towered 60 feet into the skyhigh enough to peek into a sixth-floor window in Manhattan, if any office buildings had existed during the middle Cretaceous period! However, its unclear if Sauroposeidon actually held its neck to its full vertical height, as this would have placed enormous demands on its heart; one theory is that it swept its neck and head parallel to the ground, sucking up low-lying vegetation like the hose of a giant vacuum cleaner. By the way, you may have seen an episode of the Discovery Channel show Clash of the Dinosaurs stating that Sauroposeidon juveniles grew to huge sizes by eating insects and small mammals. This is so far from accepted theory that it seems to have been completely made up; to date, theres absolutely no evidence that sauropods were even partly carnivorous. There is, however, some speculation that prosauropods (the distant Triassic ancestors of the sauropods) may have pursued omnivorous diets; perhaps a Discovery Channel intern got his research mixed up! (Or perhaps the same TV network that enjoys making up facts about Megalodon simply doesnt care whats true and whats false!)

Effective work team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effective work team - Essay Example Self-Directing Teams 9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-directed teams 10 Advantages of Self-Directing Teams 10 Disadvantages of Self-Directing Teams 10 4. Key Characteristics 10 a.Shared goal 11 b.Interdependent 11 c.Bounded / Stable 11 d.Authority 11 5. Advantages of work team 12 Disadvantages of work teams 12 6. Recommendations for building an effective team 13 7. Conclusion 14 Works Cited 14 1. Introduction During the past few years several companies have experienced an important change from customary top-down approach and manager-employee paradigms to a contributing model formed on additional workable and work teams regarding various aspects of self-managing framework. In general, teams strengthen operational performance and augment work in addition to managing performances that definitely produce enhanced employees contentment, dedication and superior customer care, service and sophistication. Additionally, the research in business efficacy has frequently demonstrated that work teams are considered as a very important element of a business. Conversely, work teams are able to do the accurate task or these teams also possess the capability to do the incorrect. The moment work teams perform superior, then work teams have the potential to offer several high-quality effects to a business. When teams do their work defectively, then they have the capacity to deplete inspiration outside a business in a quick fashion about something. Unproductive work teams are definitely considered a poor symbol for upcoming era of a company. Hence if organizations are aimed at performing the things, they should have to accomplish the tasks rightly (AJML Group Pty Ltd ; Dettmann; Kam). This paper discusses team’s related concepts. The basic aim of this research is to discuss how effective work teams are beneficial to the businesses. 2. Why teams are required? Teams have forever been imperative however at the present they have turned into essential feature for the busin esses. This is due to several consistent aspects. In this scenario, managers found the big unit of comprehensive research representing that work teams are able to be much valuable as compared to the customary company hierarchical framework intended for arriving at decisions swiftly as well as proficiently. Although easy transformations like that supporting effort and comment from employees under threat are able to create a remarkable enhancement. Such as, QC (quality control) loops in addition to worker participation groups are frequently mediums for the worker contribution. Additionally, the devastation of hierarchical levels implies that individuals have to be much inter-reliant to allow accomplishing more work with less effort. Moreover, the overall pursuit for total quality, incessant development and enhanced customer service implies that the practical obstacles are contravened and individuals required collaborating among tasks, not only in a particular task (Sabre Corporate Dev elopment ; Thompson). Following are the main reasons of the team development: 1.1. Customer service focus The primary focus of every business is to effectively control customer services. Additionally, the companies and corporations all through the globe have shifted from an operational, financial perspective of clients and consumers to a relational perspective of customers. In this scenari